{"id":1355,"date":"2025-03-24T13:42:14","date_gmt":"2025-03-24T12:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/la-cortigiana.it\/?p=1355"},"modified":"2025-07-25T11:44:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T10:44:29","slug":"love-sex-and-marriage-in-ancient-rome-power-passion-and-patriarchy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/la-cortigiana.it\/fr\/love-sex-and-marriage-in-ancient-rome-power-passion-and-patriarchy\/","title":{"rendered":"Amour, sexe et mariage dans la Rome antique\u00a0: pouvoir, passion et patriarcat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dans la Rome antique, l'amour et le mariage n'\u00e9taient pas des affaires priv\u00e9es et romantiques : ils \u00e9taient r\u00e9gis par patriarcat<\/strong>Au centre de la vie familiale romaine se trouvait le p\u00e8re de famille<\/em>, le chef de famille, qui exer\u00e7ait une autorit\u00e9 totale sur sa femme, ses enfants et m\u00eame ses esclaves. Cette dynamique de pouvoir \u00e9tait ancr\u00e9e dans le mythe\u00a0: la l\u00e9gende de la fondation de Rome raconte comment Romulus a tu\u00e9 son fr\u00e8re jumeau Remus<\/strong> et a \u00e9tabli la ville en 753 avant J.-C. \u2014 une histoire d'origine impr\u00e9gn\u00e9e de domination masculine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Peu de temps apr\u00e8s, un autre mythe fondateur a pris forme : le viol des Sabines<\/strong>Les Romains, \u00e0 court d'\u00e9pouses, enlevaient des femmes des tribus voisines. Lorsque ces tribus tent\u00e8rent de riposter, Hersilia<\/strong>, l'une des femmes captur\u00e9es et d\u00e9sormais \u00e9pouse de Romulus, intervint. Elle convainquit les autres de rester et d'emp\u00eacher un bain de sang. Cette histoire, historique ou non, donna le ton\u00a0: dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 romaine, les hommes d\u00e9tenaient le pouvoir et les femmes \u00e9taient cens\u00e9es l'accepter et s'y adapter<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le mariage : un contrat social, pas une histoire d'amour<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 Rome, le mariage \u00e9tait souvent davantage une affaire commerciale qu'une union romantique. Dans les classes sup\u00e9rieures, il s'agissait d'avoir des enfants et de former des alliances. L'amour romantique, bien qu'admir\u00e9 dans la po\u00e9sie, \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un luxe, une chose que certains couples pourraient appr\u00e9cier<\/strong>, mais beaucoup ne le feraient pas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cela ne signifie pas pour autant que l'amour n'existait pas. Lettres, \u00e9pitaphes et inscriptions t\u00e9moignent de mariages profonds et affectueux. Mais le plus souvent, la passion a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e hors mariage<\/strong>, dans les affaires et les liaisons \u2014 et c\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019interviennent les po\u00e8tes romains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u00e8tes et passion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une grande partie de ce que nous savons sur l\u2019amour dans la Rome antique provient de la po\u00e9sie. Catulle<\/strong> (vers 85-54 av. J.-C.) en est peut-\u00eatre l'exemple le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre. Il \u00e9crivit 25 po\u00e8mes \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0Lesbia\u00a0\u00bb, pseudonyme de Clodia<\/strong>, une femme mari\u00e9e et l'\u00e9pouse d'un homme d'\u00c9tat Metellus Celer<\/strong>Leur mariage fut froid et conflictuel, mais Catulle br\u00fblait de d\u00e9votion pour elle. Po\u00e8me 5<\/em>, il \u00e9crit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n

\u00ab Lesbia, viens, vivons, aimons et soyons
Sourd au vil bavardage des vieux fous laids ;
\u2026
Donne-moi mille baisers et cent autres,
Encore mille et encore cent\u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mais ses espoirs furent vains\u00a0: Clodia ne pouvait pas divorcer de son mari pour vivre avec un autre homme. \u00c0 Rome, le divorce \u00e9tait autoris\u00e9, mais uniquement dans le cadre des normes sociales\u00a0: pour st\u00e9rilit\u00e9, maltraitance ou n\u00e9gligence. Une femme commettant l\u2019adult\u00e8re ne pourrait pas utiliser cela comme motif de divorce.<\/strong>, m\u00eame si son mari faisait de m\u00eame. Apr\u00e8s Auguste C\u00e9sar<\/strong> Lorsque le pape arriva au pouvoir, les lois sur l'adult\u00e8re devinrent encore plus strictes : Metellus Celer aurait pu l\u00e9galement tuer Clodia et Catulle en vertu de ces nouvelles r\u00e8gles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voix de femmes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bien que rares, les voix f\u00e9minines parlaient aussi d'amour. Seule po\u00e9tesse romaine survivante, Sulpicia<\/strong>, fille de juriste Servius Sulpicius Rufus<\/strong>, a \u00e9crit ouvertement sur son amour pour un homme nomm\u00e9 \u00ab Cerinthus \u00bb \u2014 probablement un pseudonyme, car sa famille le d\u00e9sapprouvait.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans Po\u00e8me 1<\/em>, elle a \u00e9crit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab Je suis enfin tomb\u00e9 amoureux.
C'est le genre d'amour qui, s'il est gard\u00e9 cach\u00e9, profitera davantage \u00e0 ma r\u00e9putation.
Mais le r\u00e9v\u00e9ler\u2026 risque de l\u2019endommager.
\u2026
Je veux seulement \u00eatre jug\u00e9 digne de mon digne amour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malheureusement, l'amour ne dura pas. C\u00e9rinthe fut infid\u00e8le, et en Po\u00e8me 4<\/em> elle s'en prend \u00e0 elle :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n

\u00ab Plus pr\u00e9occup\u00e9 par cette putain de basse classe dans sa tenue de salope que par Sulpicia, la fille de Servius ! \u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Dieux, sexe et normes sociales<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>
\n

La religion romaine refl\u00e9tait ce d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre. Dii Consentes<\/strong> \u2014 six couples divins dont Jupiter et Junon, Mars et V\u00e9nus<\/strong> \u2014 mod\u00e9lisait les relations humaines. Les dieux m\u00e2les \u00e9taient libres de tricher\u00a0; les d\u00e9esses \u00e9taient cens\u00e9es rester vertueuses. Ce double standard divin renfor\u00e7ait les normes sexuelles dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prostitution<\/strong>, par exemple, \u00e9tait l\u00e9gal et courant \u2013 pour les hommes comme pour les femmes. Les citoyens masculins fr\u00e9quentaient souvent les bordels ou avaient des partenaires occasionnels, y compris des femmes, des gar\u00e7ons ou des hommes (tant que le partenaire n'\u00e9tait pas un Romain n\u00e9 libre). La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 romaine ne faisait pas de distinction entre les actes h\u00e9t\u00e9rosexuels et homosexuels \u2013 seulement entre les partenaires socialement \u00ab acceptables \u00bb et \u00ab inacceptables \u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Cependant, certains actes ont franchi les limites l\u00e9gales et morales :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Castitas<\/strong> \u2013 violer un v\u0153u de chastet\u00e9 (par exemple, une vestale rompant son v\u0153u)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Inceste<\/strong> \u2013 inceste ou souillure d\u2019une personne chaste<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Raptus<\/strong> \u2013 enl\u00e8vement (m\u00eame avec consentement, si la femme est partie sans l\u2019approbation de son p\u00e8re)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Stuprum<\/strong> \u2013 inconduite sexuelle avec un citoyen n\u00e9 libre<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Pour les couples mari\u00e9s en difficult\u00e9, il y avait m\u00eame un temple de la d\u00e9esse Viriplaca<\/strong> (\u00ab homme-apaisant \u00bb), o\u00f9 les conflits pouvaient \u00eatre r\u00e9solus \u2014 g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en faveur du mari.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mariages et rituels<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Les mariages romains variaient selon les classes sociales, mais partageaient des traditions communes. Il existait trois types de mariage\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Confarreatio<\/strong> \u2013 mariage patricien, avec une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie impliquant du pain d'\u00e9peautre.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Coemptio<\/strong> \u2013 le mariage pl\u00e9b\u00e9ien, essentiellement un achat symbolique de la mari\u00e9e.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Usus<\/strong> \u2013 mariage de fait apr\u00e8s un an de cohabitation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Dans un confarr\u00e9atio<\/em> Lors du mariage, on lisait des pr\u00e9sages. La mari\u00e9e faisait le v\u0153u suivant\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      \u00ab O\u00f9 que tu sois, Gaius, alors et l\u00e0, je suis, Gaia. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      La c\u00e9r\u00e9monie comprenait dix t\u00e9moins, le partage d'un g\u00e2teau, un festin et une procession publique. Le mari\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0prenait\u00a0\u00bb la mari\u00e9e \u00e0 sa m\u00e8re \u2014 un clin d'\u0153il \u00e0 la Mythe de Sabine<\/strong> et la vieille id\u00e9e de mariage par capture<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      La mari\u00e9e laissait tomber des pi\u00e8ces de monnaie en chemin pour porter chance, et le mari\u00e9 dispersait des bonbons \u2013 un peu comme on jette du riz aujourd'hui. Il la portait ensuite jusqu'au seuil de leur nouvelle demeure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Les filles pouvaient se marier \u00e0 partir de 12 ans, les gar\u00e7ons \u00e0 partir de 15 ans, m\u00eame si les hommes se mariaient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus tard (vers 26 ans), car ils \u00e9taient consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme trop impulsifs avant cela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Divorce et r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>
      \n

      Malgr\u00e9 la formalit\u00e9, le divorce n'\u00e9tait pas stigmatis\u00e9<\/strong>, et le remariage \u00e9tait normal, voire attendu. Sous la R\u00e9publique, le divorce \u00e9tait rare, mais sous l'Empire, le mariage devint moins populaire. La natalit\u00e9 chuta, et Auguste dut encourager les familles nombreuses par des privil\u00e8ges l\u00e9gaux.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Cependant, tous les mariages n\u2019\u00e9taient pas froids ou strat\u00e9giques. Pline le Jeune<\/strong> a \u00e9crit \u00e0 propos d'un ami, Macrin, qui a perdu sa femme apr\u00e8s 39 ann\u00e9es heureuses :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n

      \u00ab Cette femme a trait\u00e9 son mari avec le plus grand respect et m\u00e9ritait en effet la m\u00eame chose en retour\u2026 Il a eu une si bonne chose pendant si longtemps\u2026 et ressent maintenant la douleur de ce qu'il a perdu. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

      Oui, la Rome antique \u00e9tait une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 patriarcale<\/strong> o\u00f9 les hommes \u00e9tablissaient les r\u00e8gles \u2014 en politique, \u00e0 la maison et au lit. Mais dans ce cadre, il y avait encore espace pour l'amour, le d\u00e9sir, la trahison, la po\u00e9sie<\/strong>, et m\u00eame un respect mutuel. La passion \u00e9tait peut-\u00eatre plus intense hors du lit conjugal, mais l'affection et la camaraderie \u00e9taient toujours possibles \u2013 et bien r\u00e9elles \u2013 entre mari et femme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      In Ancient Rome, love and marriage weren\u2019t private, romantic matters \u2014 they were ruled by patriarchy. At the center of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1360,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","googlesitekit_rrm_CAowrc_CDA:productID":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[238],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art-history"],"yoast_head":"\nLove, Sex, and Marriage in Ancient Rome: Power, Passion, and Patriarchy -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/la-cortigiana.it\/fr\/love-sex-and-marriage-in-ancient-rome-power-passion-and-patriarchy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Love, Sex, and Marriage in Ancient Rome: Power, Passion, and Patriarchy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In Ancient Rome, love and marriage weren\u2019t private, romantic matters \u2014 they were ruled by patriarchy. 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